Ushokoledibekungeyona into emnandi ngaso sonke isikhathi: eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, bekuyisiphuzo esibabayo, isiphuzo somhlatshelo esinezinongo, kanye nophawu lwezikhulu.Kuqubule inkulumompikiswano yezenkolo, kudliwe amaqhawe, futhi kulinywe izigqila nezingane.

Pho sisuke kanjani lapha kuze kube namuhla?Ake sibheke kafushane umlando wokusetshenziswa kukashokoledi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ushokoledi oshisayo wobisi olunethezeka.

IZINGANEKWANE ZOKUQALA

Ikhofi linoKaldi.Ushokoledi unabo onkulunkulu.Ezinganekwaneni zamaMaya, iNyoka ePlumed yanikeza abantu ukhokho ngemva kokuba onkulunkulu bewutholile entabeni.Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, kwakunguQuetzalcoatl owayinika abantu ngemva kokuyithola entabeni.

Kukhona ukuhlukahluka kulezi zinganekwane, nokho.I-Museu de la Xocolata e-Barcelona irekhoda indaba yenkosazana umyeni wayo wayithwesa icala lokuvikela izwe layo nengcebo ngesikhathi ingekho.Lapho izitha zakhe zifika, zamshaya kodwa akazange aveze ukuthi umcebo wakhe ufihlwe kuphi.UQuetzalcoatl wakubona lokhu wayeseguqula igazi lakhe laba isihlahla sikakhokho, futhi bathi, yingakho isithelo sibaba, “siqine njengobuhle”, futhi sibomvu njengegazi.

Kunento eyodwa eqinisekile: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvelaphi, umlando kashokoledi uhlotshaniswa negazi, ukufa, nenkolo.

Ushokoledi omnyama kaDuffy ongu-72% waseHonduran.

INKOLO, UKUHWEBA, NEMPI EMESOAMERICA

Ukhokho wawudayiswa futhi udliwe kuyo yonke iMesoamerica yasendulo, okudume kakhulu, ubhontshisi nawo usetshenziswa njengemali.

Isiphuzo - esasenziwa ngokujwayelekile ngomhlabathi futhi sithosiwe ubhontshisi kakhokho, upelepele, i-vanilla, ezinye izinongo, ngezinye izikhathi ummbila, futhi kwakungavamile kakhulu uju, ngaphambi kokuba kukhiqizwe amagwebu - sasibaba futhi sivuselela.Khohlwa inkomishi ye-cocoa yasebusuku: lesi bekuyisiphuzo samaqhawe.Futhi ngisho lokho ngokoqobo: UMontezuma II, umbusi wokugcina wama-Aztec, wabusa ukuthi amaqhawe kuphela angaphuza.(Ngaphansi kwababusi bangaphambili, noma kunjalo, ama-Aztec ayezoyiphuza emishadweni.)

Ama-Olmec, okungenye yezimpucuko zakuqala zakulesi sifunda, awanawo umlando obhaliwe kodwa kutholakale iminonjana kakhokho emabhodweni abawashiyile .Kamuva, iSmithsonian Mag ibika ukuthi amaMayans asebenzise lesi siphuzo “njengokudla okungcwele, uphawu lokuhlonishwa, isizinda senhlalo, kanye netshe lokuthinta amasiko”.

UCarol Off ulandelela ubudlelwano beMayan phakathi kukakhokho, onkulunkulu, kanye negaziUshokoledi Obabayo: Ukuphenya Uhlangothi Olumnyama Lomnandi Oyenga Kakhulu Emhlabeni, echaza indlela onkulunkulu ababevezwa ngayo ngezindengezi zikakhokho ngisho nokufafaza ngegazi labo esivunweni sikakhokho.

Ubhontshisi kakhokho.

Ngokufanayo, uDkt Simon Martin uhlaziya izinto zobuciko zaseMayan kuUshokoledi eMesoamerica: Umlando Wamasiko Kakhokho (2006)ukugcizelela ukuxhumana phakathi kokufa, ukuphila, inkolo, nokuhweba ngoshokoledi.

Lapho uNkulunkulu Wommbila enqotshwa onkulunkulu bangaphansi komhlaba, uyabhala, washiya umzimba wakhe futhi kulowo nalowo kwamila isihlahla sikakhokho, phakathi kwezinye izitshalo.Umholi wonkulunkulu bezwe elingaphansi komhlaba, owabe esethatha isihlahla sikakhokho, uboniswa ephethe isihlahla nephakethe lomhwebi.Kamuva, isihlahla sikakhokho satakulwa kunkulunkulu wendawo engaphansi komhlaba futhi unkulunkulu wommbila wazalwa kabusha.

Indlela esibheka ngayo ukuphila nokufa akuyona indlela efanayo namaMeya asendulo ayekubheka ngayo, yebo.Ngenkathi sihlobanisa umhlaba wangaphansi nesihogo, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amasiko asendulo aseMesoamerica ayeyithatha njengendawo engathathi hlangothi.Nokho ukuxhumana phakathi kukakhokho nokufa akunakuphikwa.

Kuzo zombili izikhathi zamaMayan nama-Aztec, imihlatshelo nayo yanikezwa ushokoledi ngaphambi kokuba bashone (uCarol Off, uChloe Doutre-Roussel).Eqinisweni, ngokukaBee Wilson, “esikweni lama-Aztec, ukhokho wawuyisingathekiso senhliziyo ekhishwe umhlatshelo - imbewu engaphakathi kwe-pod kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ifana negazi eliphuma emzimbeni womuntu.Iziphuzo zikashokoledi ngezinye izikhathi zazidaywa zaba bomvu njengegazi nge-annatto ukuze kugcizelelwe iphuzu.”

Ngokufanayo, u-Amanda Fiegl ubhala ku-Smithsonian Magazine ukuthi, kumaMayans nama-Aztec, ukhokho wawuboshelwe ekuzalweni kwengane - umzuzwana oxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa negazi, ukufa, kanye nokuzala.

Umlando wakuqala wokusetshenziswa kukakhokho awuzange ubheke ushokoledi njengendlela yokuphuza itiye noma injabulo enecala.Kumasiko aseMesoamerica akhula, ahweba, futhi adla lesi siphuzo, kwakuwumkhiqizo onokubaluleka okukhulu kwezenkolo namasiko.

Ubhontshisi we-cocoo kanye ne-chocolate bar.

I-EUROPE ILIZWA NGEZINDLELA ZIKASHOKHOLETHI

Nokho, lapho ukhokho ufika eYurophu, izinto zashintsha.Kwakusewumkhiqizo owubukhazikhazi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwakubangela izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezingokwenkolo, kodwa kwakungasahlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuphila nokufa.

UStephen T Beckett ubhala kuIsayensi Yeshokolediukuthi, nakuba uColumbus waletha amanye amabhontshisi kakhokho emuva eYurophu “njengelukuluku”, kwaze kwaba ngawo-1520 lapho uHernán Cortés ethula isiphuzo eSpain.

Futhi kwaze kwaba ngawo-1600 lapho lasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu - ngokuvamile ngomshado wamakhosazana aseSpain nababusi bakwamanye amazwe.Ngokwe-Museu de la Xocolata, enye indlovukazi yaseFrance yayigcina incekukazi eqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ekwenzeni ushokoledi.IVienna yaduma ngoshokoledi oshisayo nekhekhe likashokoledi, kuyilapho kwezinye izindawo yayiphakelwa ngamacube eqhwa neqhwa.

Izitayela zaseYurophu phakathi nalesi sikhathi zingahlukaniswa zibe amasiko amabili: isitayela saseSpain noma sase-Italy lapho ushokoledi oshisayo wawujiyile futhi unoshukela (ushokoledi owugqinsi one-churros) noma isitayela sesiFulentshi lapho wawumncane khona (cabanga ngoshokoledi wakho oshisayo oyimpuphu).

Ubisi lwengezwe ku-concoction, owawusesesimweni esiwuketshezi, mhlawumbe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1600 noma ekuqaleni kwawo-1700 (imithombo iphikisana ngokuthi ngabe nguNicholas Sanders noma u-Hans Sloane, kodwa noma ngabe kwakungubani, kubonakala sengathi iNkosi yaseNgilandi uGeorge II ivumile).

Ekugcineni, ushokoledi wajoyina ikhofi netiye ekubeni nezindawo zokuphuza ezizinikele: indlu yokuqala kashokoledi, i-Cocoa Tree, yavulwa eNgilandi ngo-1654.

Ushokoledi wendabuko one-churros e-Badalona, ​​e-Spain.

IZIMPINGA ZENKOLO NEZOMPHAKATHI

Nokho naphezu kokuthandwa kukashokoledi phakathi kwezikhulu zaseYurophu, lesi siphuzo sisabhebhethekisa impikiswano.

Ngokusho kwe-Museu de la Xocolata, izindela zaseSpain zazingaqiniseki ukuthi kwakuwukudla - ngakho-ke ukuthi kwakungadliwa yini ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla.(U-Beckett uthi omunye upapa wanquma ukuthi kwakulungile ukudla ngoba kwakubuhlungu kakhulu.)

Ekuqaleni, uWilliam Gervase Clarence-Smith ubhala kuUkhokho kanye Noshokoledi, 1765-1914, amaProthestani “ayekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi esikhundleni sotshwala”.Kodwa njengoba inkathi yeBaroque iphela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1700, kwaqala ukuhlehla.Lesi siphuzo sahlotshaniswa “nabefundisi abangenzi lutho kanye nezicukuthwane zemibuso yamaKhatholika neyama-absolutism”.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba nezinxushunxushu zombango kanye nezinxushunxushu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kusukela kuNguquko YaseFrance kuya eMpini Yabalimi.Izimpi Zombango ZaseNgilandi, ezabona amaKatolika namakhosi elwa namaProthestani namaPhalamende, zaziphele ngaphambi nje kwalokho.Umehluko phakathi kokuthi ushokoledi nekhofi, noma ushokoledi netiye, kwabonwa kanjani umele lokhu kungezwani komphakathi.

Ikhekhe likashokoledi likanokusho.

I-AMERIKA YASEKUQALA YEZINDLU NE-ASIA

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eLatin America, ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi kwahlala kuyisisekelo sempilo yansuku zonke.UClarence-Smith ubhala ngendlela iningi lesifunda elidla ngayo ushokoledi njalo.Ngokungafani naseYurophu, uyachaza, yayivame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi empofu.

Ushokoledi wawuphuzwa izikhathi ezine ngosuku.EMexico,imvukuzanekwakuyinkukhu ephekwe ngoshokoledi kanye nopelepele.EGuatemala, bekuyingxenye yesidlo sasekuseni.I-Venezuela iphuza ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yesivuno sayo sikakhokho minyaka yonke.U-Lima wayenenhlangano yabakhi bakashokoledi.Abantu abaningi baseMelika Ephakathi baqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukhokho njengemali.

Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nokuhweba kwekhofi netiye, ushokoledi wazama ukungena e-Asia.Nakuba edumile ePhilippines, uClarence-Smith ubhala ukuthi kwenye indawo yehlulekile ukuguqula abaphuza.Itiye lalithandwa e-Asia Ephakathi naseMpumalanga, eNyakatho Afrika, nalokho okwakuyiPheresiya ngaleso sikhathi.Ikhofi lalithandwa emazweni amaSulumane, kuhlanganise neningi laseNingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Owesifazane uyalungiselelaimvukuzane.

EYurophu, njengoba ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lifika, ushokoledi ekugcineni waqala ukulahlekelwa isithunzi sawo esiphezulu.

Amashabhu kashokholethi emishini abekhona kusukela ngo-1777, lapho kuvulwa eyodwa e-Barcelona.Kodwa ngenkathi ushokoledi manje usukhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, umsebenzi onzima owawuthathiwe kanye nezintela eziphezulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu kusawugcina uwumkhiqizo owubukhazikhazi.

Konke lokhu kwashintsha, nokho, ngomshini wokunyathelisa ukhokho, owavula indlela yokucubungula ngezinga elikhulu.Ngo-1819, iSwitzerland yaqala ukukhiqiza izimboni ezinkulu zikashokoledi kwathi ngo-1828, impushana kakhokho yasungulwa nguCoenraad Johannes van Houten waseNetherlands.Lokhu kwavumela i-JS Fry & Sons yaseNgilandi ukuthi idale ibha kashokoledi yokuqala yesimanje edliwayo ngo-1847 - abayenza besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe benjini yesitimu.

Izikwele zikashokoledi omnyama.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, u-Beckett ubhala ukuthi u-Henry Nestlé kanye no-Daniel Peter bengeze ifomula yobisi olujiyile ukuze benze ushokoledi wobisi odumile namuhla emhlabeni wonke.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ushokoledi wawusengama-gritty.Nokho, ngo-1880, uRodolphe Lindt wasungula i-conche, ithuluzi lokwakha ushokoledi oshelelayo futhi onganciphisi.I-Conching ihlala iyisiteji esikhulu ekukhiqizeni ushokoledi kuze kube yilolu suku.

Izinkampani ezinjengoMars noHershey zalandela ngokushesha, futhi izwe likashokoledi wezinga lempahla lase lifikile.

I-chocolate kanye nama-brownies amantongomane.

IMPERIALISM NOBUGQILA

Nokho amazinga amakhulu okusetshenziswa kwawo adinga ukukhiqizwa okukhulu, futhi iYurophu yayivame ukusebenzisa imibuso yayo ukuze yondle izakhamuzi zayo ezinxanela ushokoledi.Njengempahla eminingi yalesi sikhathi, ubugqila babuyingxenye yochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.

Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ushokoledi odliwe eParis naseLondon naseMadrid waba, hhayi iLatin America neCaribbean, kodwa waba Afrika.Ngokwe-Africa Geographic, ukhokho wafika kuleli zwekazi udlula eSão Tomé nasePríncipe, izwe eliyisiqhingi esisogwini lwase-Afrika Ephakathi.Ngo-1822, lapho iSão Tomé nePríncipe iyikoloni loMbuso WamaPutukezi, uJoão Baptista Silva waseBrazil wethula lesi sitshalo.Ngawo-1850s, ukukhiqizwa kwanda - konke ngenxa yomsebenzi wezigqila.

Ngo-1908, iSão Tomé nePríncipe yaba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu kakhokho emhlabeni.Nokho, lesi kwakuzoba isihloko sesikhashana.Umphakathi waseBrithani uzwe imibiko yokusebenza kwezigqila emapulazini kakhokho e-São Tomé nasePríncipe nase-Cadbury kwaphoqeleka ukuthi ubheke kwenye indawo - kulokhu, eGhana.

KuIzizwe Zoshokoledi: Ukuphila Nokufela Ushokoledi eNtshonalanga Afrika, u-Órla Ryan uyabhala, “Ngo-1895, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni kwaba namathani angu-77,000 metric, iningi lalo khokho livela eNingizimu Melika naseCaribbean.Ngo-1925, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwafinyelela kumathani angaphezu kuka-500,000 futhi iGold Coast yayisihamba phambili ekuhwebeni ukhokho ngaphandle.”Namuhla, iWest Coast isalokhu ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kakhokho, obhekene nama-70-80% kashokoledi womhlaba.

UClarence-Smith usitshela ukuthi “i-cocoa yatshalwa kakhulu yizigqila ezindaweni ngo-1765”, “ngokusebenza ngempoqo… kwashabalala ngo-1914”.Abaningi bangase bangavumelani nengxenye yokugcina yaleyo nkulumo, bekhomba emibikweni eqhubekayo yokusetshenziswa kwezingane, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, nokugqilazwa ezikweletini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusenobumpofu obukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi ekhiqiza ukhokho eNtshonalanga Afrika (eziningi zazo, ngokusho kukaRyan, zingabanikazi abancane).

Izikhwama ezigcwele ubhontshisi kakhokho.

UKUVELA KOSHOKHOLETHI OMHLE NECACAO

Ushokoledi wezinga lempahla ubusa imakethe yanamuhla yomhlaba wonke, nokho ushokoledi omuhle nokhokho sekuyaqala ukuvela.Ingxenye yemakethe ezinikele izimisele ukukhokha izintengo zeprimiyamu zikashokoledi wekhwalithi ephezulu, ngokombono, okhiqizwa ngokuziphatha okuhle.Laba bathengi balindele ukunambitha umehluko wemvelaphi, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nezindlela zokucubungula.Bayayikhathalela imishwana efana nethi “bean to bar”.

I-Fine Cacao and Chocolate Institute, eyasungulwa ngo-2015, ithola ugqozi embonini yekhofi ekhethekile ekwakheni amazinga kashokoledi nokhokho.Kusukela ekunambitheni amashidi nezitifiketi kuya empikiswaneni mayelana nokuthi ukhokho uyini omuhle, imboni ithatha izinyathelo eziya embonini elawulwa kakhulu ebeka phambili ikhwalithi eqhubekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi kuye kwavela kakhulu ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka edlule - futhi ngokungangabazeki kuzoqhubeka nokushintsha esikhathini esizayo.