I-cocoa ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nayoushokoledifuthi inezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zokudla okunomsoco ezingaqinisekisa izici zempilo ezinhle.Ubhontshisi we-cocoa ungumthombo wengozi we-polyphenols yokudla, equkethe ama-antioxidants amaningi ekugcineni kunokudla okuningi.Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-polyphenols ahlotshaniswa nemiphumela yezempilo enenzuzo, ngakho-ke i-cocoa icebile kuma-polyphenols, futhi ushokoledi omnyama, oqukethe iphesenti eliphezulu likakhokho kanye nezinhlanganisela eziphezulu ze-antioxidants ezihlobene nezinye izinhlobo ze-chocolate, ziye zathatha ukubaluleka okubalulekile empilweni.

Izici zomsoco we-cocoa

I-cocoa iqukethe inani elikhulu lamafutha, ~ 40 -50% aqukethwe ebhotela likakhokho.Lokhu kuhlanganisa u-33% we-oleic acid, u-25% we-palmitic acid, no-33% we-stearic acid.Okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol kwenza cishe u-10% wesisindo esomile sikabhontshisi.Ama-polyphenols aqukethe i-cocoa ahlanganisa ama-catechin (37%), ama-anthocyanidin (4%), nama-proanthocyanins (58%).I-proanthocyanins yi-phytonutrient evame kakhulu ku-cocoa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukumunyu kwama-polyphenols yisizathu sokuthi ubhontshisi we-cocoa ongakacutshungulwa awunambitheka;abakhiqizi baye bahlakulela indlela yokucubungula ukuze baqede lokhu kumunyu.Kodwa-ke, le nqubo inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol.Okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol kungehliswa kuze kufike ngokuphindwe kashumi.

Ubhontshisi kakhokho futhi aqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogenous - lezi zihlanganisa kokubili amaprotheni kanye ne-methylxanthines, okuyi-theobromine ne-caffeine.I-cocoa nayo inothile ngamaminerali, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-potassium, ithusi ne-magnesium.

Imiphumela yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi yokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa

i-cocoa idliwa kakhulu ngesimo sikashokoledi;ukusetshenziswa kukashokholethi kubone ukwanda kwakamuva emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba ushokoledi omnyama uya ngokuya uduma ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo ukhokho kanye nemiphumela ezuzisayo yezempilo uma kuqhathaniswa noshokoledi ojwayelekile noma wobisi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, woza oshokoledi abanokuqukethwe kwe-cocoa okuphansi njengoshokoledi wobisi ngokuvamile bahlotshaniswa nezenzakalo ezimbi ngenxa yokuqukethwe ushukela namafutha.

Mayelana nokudla i-cocoa, ushokoledi omnyama ungukudla okuhamba phambili kwe-cocoa okuhambisana nemiphumela ekhuthaza impilo;i-cocoa ngendlela yayo eluhlaza ayinambitheka.

Kukhona uchungechunge lwemiphumela ezuzisayo ohlelweni lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi oluhlotshaniswa nokudla okuvamile okuqukethe i-cocoa neziphuzo lezi zihlanganisa imiphumela yokucindezeleka kwegazi, umsebenzi we-vascular and platelet, kanye nokumelana ne-insulin.

Ama-polyphenols, akhona ekugxilweni okuphezulu ku-cocoa nakushokoledi omnyama, angenza kusebenze i-endothelial nitrogen oxide synthase.Lokhu kuholela ekukhiqizeni i-nitrogen oxide, eyehlisa umfutho wegazi ngokukhuthaza i-vasodilation.Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthuthuka kwesivinini se-pulse wave kanye ne-sclerotic score index.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila okukhulu kwama-epicatechin e-plasma kusiza ekukhululweni kwama-vasodilator asuselwa ku-endothelium futhi kwandise ukugcwala kwama-procyanidin e-plasma.Lokhu kuholela ekukhiqizeni okukhulu kwe-nitrogen oxide, kanye ne-bioavailability yayo.

Uma isikhishiwe, i-nitrogen oxide iphinde isebenze indlela ye-prostacyclin synthesis, esebenza njenge-vasodilator futhi kanjalo inomthelela ekuvikelweni ngokumelene ne-thrombosis.

Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kuphakamise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi okuvamile, okulinganiselwe njenge-<100g/ngesonto, kungase kuhlotshaniswe nengozi encishisiwe yesifo senhliziyo;umthamo ofaneleka kakhulu kashokoledi wawungu-45g/ngeviki, njengamazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa, le miphumela yezempilo ingase ixazululwe ngokusetshenziswa kukashukela okuphakeme.

Mayelana nezinhlobo ezithile zesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ucwaningo lwaseSweden oluzoba khona luye lwaxhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi nengozi encishisiwe ye-myocardial infarction nesifo senhliziyo se-ischemic.Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kokuhlangana phakathi kokudla ushokoledi kanye nengozi ye-atrial fibrillation kuye kwabikwa eqenjini lodokotela besilisa base-United States.Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ucwaningo olusekelwe kumphakathi lwabahlanganyeli abangu-20,192 lwehlulekile ukukhombisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokudla ushokoledi ophezulu (kufika ku-100 g/ngosuku) kanye nesigameko sokuhluleka kwenhliziyo.

I-cocoa nayo iboniswe ukuthi idlala indima ekwelapheni izimo zobuchopho njenge-stroke;ucwaningo olukhulu lwaseJapane, olusekelwe kubantu, olulindelekile lulinganise ukuhlangana phakathi kwengozi ephansi yokushaywa unhlangothi kwabesifazane, kodwa hhayi amadoda, mayelana nokusetshenziswa kukashokoledi.

Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa ku-glucose homeostasis

I-cocoa iqukethe ama-flavanols athuthukisa i-glucose homeostasis.Banganciphisa ukugayeka kwe-carbohydrate kanye nokumuncwa emathunjini, okwenza isisekelo semishini sesenzo sabo.Ukukhishwa kwe-cocoa nama-procyanidin kukhonjiswe ukuthi avimbele i-pancreatic α-amylase, i-pancreatic lipase, kanye ne-phospholipase A2 eyimfihlo.

I-cocoa nama-flavanols ayo aphinde athuthukisa ukungazweli kwe-glucose ngokulawula ukuthuthwa kwe-glucose namaprotheni abonisa i-insulin ezicutshini ezizwela i-insulin njengesibindi, izicubu ze-adipose, kanye nemisipha yamathambo.Lokhu kuvimbela ukulimala kwe-oxidative nokuvuvukala okuhlobene nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.

Imiphumela evela ku-Physician Health Study nayo ibike ubudlelwano obuphambene phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa kanye nesifo sikashukela.Eqenjini lezifundo zezizwe eziningi, ingozi encishisiwe yokuthola isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 itholakele, ngokuthathwa okuphezulu kwemikhiqizo kashokoledi kanye nama-flavonoid atholakala kukhokho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo olungase lube khona kwabesifazane abakhulelwe baseJapane luphinde lwabonisa ingozi encishisiwe yesifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa phakathi kwalabo besifazane abasebenzisa i-quartile ephezulu kakhulu yokuphuza ushokoledi.

Olunye ucwaningo olubonisa ukuhlotshaniswa kwe-cocoa ne-glucose homeostasis lubonise ukuthi okukhishwe kwe-cocoa nama-procyanidin avimbela ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya ama-carbohydrates nama-lipids, okuphakamisa indima ebekayo ekulawuleni isisindo somzimba ngokuhambisana nokudla okunekhalori encishisiwe. .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwabantu oluyimpumputhe eyodwa, olulawulwa yi-placebo olulawulwa ngokungahleliwe lubonise izinzuzo ze-metabolic zokusebenzisa ushokoledi omnyama ocebile nge-polyphenol kanye nokwenzeka kwemiphumela emibi eyenzeka ngoshokoledi abampofu be-polyphenol.

Umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa kumdlavuza

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwe-cocoa kumdlavuza kuyimpikiswano.Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphakamise ukuthi ukudla ushokoledi kungaba yisici esidala ekuthuthukisweni komdlavuza we-colorectal nowebele.Nokho olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-cocoa ingavimbela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuzaku-vitro;naphezu kwalokhu, izindlela zalo msebenzi wokulwa nomdlavuza aziqondwa kahle.

Ngokuphathelene nengxenye esebenzayo ku-cocoa ekhiqiza imiphumela enjalo yokulwa nomdlavuza, ama-procyanidin aboniswe ngokuqondile ukunciphisa izehlakalo nobuningi bomdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye nokunciphisa usayizi we-adenoma ye-thyroid kumagundane abesilisa.Lezi zinhlanganisela zingase futhi zivimbele i-mammary ne-pancreatic tumorigenesis kumagundane abesifazane.I-cocoa procyanidins futhi inciphisa umsebenzi ohlotshaniswa nemisebenzi ehlobene nesimila efana nomsebenzi we-tumor vascular endothelial growth factor kanye nomsebenzi we-angiogenic.

Ukwelashwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemigqa yamangqamuzana omdlavuza we-ovarian ngokugxila okuhlukahlukene kwe-cocoa ecebile ku-procyanidin kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kubangele i-cytotoxicity kanye ne-chemosensitization.Ngokuphawulekayo, amaphesenti abalulekile amaseli esigabeni se-G0/G1 somjikelezo weseli ngokugxila okukhulayo.Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ingxenye enkulu yamaseli nayo yaboshwa esigabeni sika-S.Le miphumela kucatshangwa ukuthi ibangelwa ukwanda kwamazinga e-intracellular ezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo.

Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa nemiphumela ehlukahlukene ye-cocoa engcupheni nasekusakazekeni komdlavuza.I-cocoa polyphenols ikhonjiswe ukuthi ikhiqiza imiphumela ye-antiproliferative ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-polyamine metabolism kuku-vitroizifundo zabantu.Kunge vivoUcwaningo lwamagundane ama-proanthocyanidin akhona kushokoledi omnyama aboniswe ukuthi avimbe i-mutagenicity ye-pancreatic cancers esigabeni sokuqala kanye nokusebenzisa imiphumela ye-chemoprotective emaphashini, yehlisa isigameko kanye nokusabalala kwe-carcinoma ngendlela encike kumthamo.

Ukunquma umphumela ogcwele we-cocoa engcupheni yokunciphisa ubungozi noma ubunzima bomdlavuza, ukuhumusha okwengeziwe kanye nezifundo ezizokwenzeka kuyadingeka.

Umphumela we-cocoa kumasosha omzimba

Ucwaningo ngemiphumela yamasosha omzimba ahlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa noma ushokoledi lubonise ukuthi ukudla okunothisiwe kwe-cocoa kungakwazi ukulinganisa izimpendulo zamathumbu emathunjini kumagundane amancane.Ikakhulukazi, i-theobromine ne-cocoa kwaboniswa ukuthi inesibopho sokuhlushwa kwe-systemic antibody yamathumbu kanye nokuguqula ukwakheka kwe-lymphocyte kumagundane anempilo.

Ocwaningweni lwabantu, ucwaningo olungahleliwe lwe-double blind-blind crossover lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi omnyama kuthuthukisa izici zokunamathela kwe-leukocyte kanye nokusebenza kwemithambo emadodeni abekhuluphele.Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni lwabantu abasebenzisa i-cocoa ngokulinganayo, abahlanganyeli be-cross-sectional, observation, bathola ukuthi banemvamisa encishisiwe yezifo ezingapheli uma kuqhathaniswa nabathengi abaphansi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa kwakuhlotshaniswa ngokuphambene nokungezwani komzimba nokusebenza komzimba.

Umphumela we-cocoa ngesisindo somzimba

Ngokuphambene nalokho, kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa kanye nendima yayo engaba khona njengesinyathelo sokwelapha ngokumelene nokukhuluphala kanye nesifo se-metabolic.Lokhu kuvela ezininganaku-vitroizifundo zamagundane namagundane kanye nezivivinyo zokulawula okungahleliwe, okuzoba ngabantu, kanye nezifundo zokulawula amacala kubantu.

Kumagundane namagundane, amagundane akhuluphele ahlanganiswe ne-cocoa anciphisa ukuvuvukala okuhlobene nokukhuluphala, isifo sesibindi esinamafutha kanye nokungazweli kwe-insulin.Ukungenisa i-cocoa kwehlisa ukwakheka kwe-acid enamafutha kanye nokuthuthwa kwesibindi nezicubu ze-adipose.

Kubantu, iphunga noma ukungenisa ushokoledi omnyama kungashintsha indlala, kucindezele isifiso sokudla ngenxa yezinguquko ku-ghrelin, i-hormone ebangela imizwa yendlala.Ukusetshenziswa njalo kukashokoledi omnyama kungaba nomthelela omuhle emazingeni e-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (i-cholesterol 'enhle'), isilinganiso sama-lipoprotein, nezimpawu zokuvuvukala;imiphumela efanayo yabonakala lapho ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi omnyama kuhlanganiswe nama-alimondi, kuboniswe ukuthuthukisa amaphrofayili e-lipid egazini.

Sekukonke, i-cocoa nemikhiqizo yayo etholakalayo ingasebenza njengokudla okusebenzayo njengoba iqukethe izinhlanganisela eziningana ezikhiqiza izinzuzo zezempilo.Inzuzo yayo yezempilo enhle ithinta amasosha omzimba, amasistimu enhliziyo, kanye ne-metabolic ukubala okumbalwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa imiphumela emihle yokusetshenziswa kwe-cocoa ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi.

Kunemikhawulo ethile ngezifundo eziklanyelwe ukuphenya umphumela we-cocoa - okungukuthi, ukuthi zihlola izakhiwo ezikhuthaza impilo ze-cocoa hhayi ushokoledi ngokwawo.Lokhu kuyaphawuleka njengoba i-cocoa idliwa kakhulu ngendlela kashokoledi, iphrofayili yayo yokudla okunomsoco ihlukile ku-cocoa.Ngakho-ke, indima kashokoledi empilweni yomuntu ayifani neze ne-cocoa.

Eminye imikhawulo ihlanganisa ukushoda okulinganiselwe kwezifundo ze-epidemiological ezihlola imiphumela yezempilo ye-cocoa ngezindlela ezahlukene - okungukuthi ushokoledi omnyama okhulayo ngokuthandwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezici eziningana ezididayo njengezinye izingxenye zokudla, ukuchayeka kwemvelo, indlela yokuphila, kanye nomthamo wokusetshenziswa kukashokoledi, kanye nokwakheka kwawo okunciphisa amandla obufakazi obuvezwa izifundo.

Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokuhumusha luyadingeka ukuze kutholwe imiphumela engaba khona yokusebenzisa ukhokho, noshokoledi kanye nokuqinisekisa imiphumela ekhonjiswe kuhlolo lwe-in vitro ezilwaneni.